What are the principles of plant disease management. General acceptance of the idea that fungi can induce diseases of plant opened the way for. Until a disease is properly diagnosed, a grower may waste time and money trying to correct a problem with an unknown cause. Plant diseases have turned into a crucial as it can cause significant reduction in both quality as well as quantity of agricultural products 20. Cooperative extension service university of kentucky college. Aqleem abbas 9 another outbreak of citrus canker occurred in florida in 1984, and, by 1992, the disease was apparently. How the pathogen spreads 0 the late blight pathogen produces spores infective propagules during cool, wet weather 0 spores are microscopic and lemonshaped 0 moved by wind, especially during thunderstorms 0 requires 12 hrs leaf wetness to infect dew, mist, fog, rain 0 57 days from infection to symptoms and production of new spores 0 fragile, killed by hot dry weather and uv. Diagnosing plant diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses1 ken pernezny, monica elliott, aaron palmateer, and nikol havranek2 1. Chemical control has been critical in preventing losses due to plant diseases, especially with the development of numerous specificaction fungicides since the 1960s. Principles of plant disease management is intended to provide a substantive treatment of plant disease management for graduate and undergraduate students in which theoretical and practical elements are combined. This document is pp249, one of a series of the plant pathology department, ufifas extension. Principles of plant disease management linkedin slideshare.
Most often, failure to control the disease happens because the problem was misdiagnosed in the first place. Common plant diseases and pests north dakota state. Plant disease is one of the greatest causes of economic losses of crops throughout the world. Combines theoretical principles with practical applications in dealing with viral, fungal and bacterial diseases of plants. Disease cycle management streptomycin sulphate 500 ppm. Introduction to plant pathology and plant disease management. Cereal leaf diseases affect both the yield and quality of cereals. Management of plant diseases integrated pest management. Plant disease management major principles of control pdf 36p. Cultural practices such as the use of rotations and planting of disease. A nutrientdeficient plant will be stressed and therefore more prone to disease.
In japan, a hostdefense inducer has been used to control rice blast since the 1970s without any problems with resistance development in the pathogen. Communicable diseases can be controlled and prevented by adequate measures which involve. Ppt control of plant diseases powerpoint presentation. The journal publishes papers that describe translational and applied research focusing on practical aspects of disease diagnosis, development, and management in agricultural and horticultural crops. Sources of plant disease in nurseries penn state extension. Across large regions and many crop species, it is estimated that. Notes on the ten principles of disease control and prevention. Two more principles avoidance and therapy were created nas, 1968 avoidance. Cultivating to keep down weed hosts and deep ploughing or spading to bury diseased plant debris. As the world population increases, we also need to increase food production.
Plant disease is the leading international journal for rapid reporting of research on new, emerging, and established plant diseases. Guidelines for identification and management of plant disease problems. Makkouk2 1 fao, crop production and protection division, rome, italy 2 national council for scientific research, beirut, lebanon summary plant diseases are considered an important biotic. I would like to refresh your memories about these two important concepts and. Traditionally, this has been called plant disease control, but current social and. Cooperative extension service university of kentucky.
Plant disease management is the eminent process in crop production. Mature potato tubers less prone to infection by late blight fungus. Sep 25, 20 measures taken to prevent incidence of a disease, reduce the amount of inoculum that initiates the spreads of disease and finally minimises the loss caused by the disease have traditionally being called as control measures. A plant disease is usually defined as abnormal growth andor dysfunction of a plant. Many pathogens survive in crop residue, which can be a source of inoculum. Guidelines for identification and management of plant disease edis. Prune badly infected twigs before the onset of monsoon. A disease characterized by rapid and extensive death necrosis of plant foliage. The goal of plant disease management is to reduce the economic and aesthetic damage caused by plant diseases. An index and the scientific names and authorities for pathogens and host plants are given in. Plant pathology also phytopathology is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens infectious organisms and environmental conditions physiological factors. A thorough familiarity with the ecology and plant husbandry of the particular crop is absolutely essential for disease control.
Traditionally, this has been called plant disease control, but current social and environmental values deem control as being absolute and the term too rigid. Thus, plants in and around the nursery act as reservoirs of. Nelson for those of you who have had an introductory course in plant pathology, you might remember learning at least two important concepts. Plant loss to homeowners may result in frustration and minor monetary cost. History also provides some perspective on the impacts of plant disease. Journal of plant pathology 2010, 92 4, supplement, s4. Most viruses like tomato spotted wilt and cucumber mosaic only survive in living plant cells. Plant diseases need to be controlled to maintain the quality and abundance of food, feed. Principles of plant disease management 1st edition. The major aspect of plant disease is to eliminate or eradicate the pathogen from plant crop, pre or post harvest to control the disease and loss of crop yeild by the pathogen. Nematode damage is more evident in dry conditions, whereas viral diseases can occur at any time. Covers exclusion techniques, eradication by chemical or physical means, biological control, fungicides, pathogen free seeds and vegetative material. Accordingly, the major components of disease management summarized here are. Plant disease agents have proven successful or are showing promise in biocontrol programs elsewhere.
General principles of plant diseases management importance. Reference is made to specific diseases and control. Top 4 methods of controlling plant diseases agriculture. General acceptance of the idea that fungi can induce diseases of plant opened the way for scientific study of means to control diseases and the principle search was for use of chemical for disease control. Reference is made to specific diseases and control practices to illustrate basic principles or strategies. In recent years, the use of triazole and strobilurin fungicides for cercospora leaf spot control has limited powdery mildew development.
Principles of disease management the history of controlling the diseases is very old, man discovered empirical cultural and physical control practices for crop protection even before the causal nature of plant diseases. Disinfection usually by chemicals, sometimes by heat treatment. Diseases are the result of some disturbance in the normal life process of the plant. Plant disease management handbook pacific northwest pest. Methods for plant diseases control were first classified by whetzel 1929 into exclusion, eradication, protection and immunization. Control of crop diseases thoroughly revised and updated to reflect current and emerging practices, this book explores modern methods of disease control in field and glasshouse crops. Plant disease control pdf principles of plant disease management. This helps limit the list of suspected diseases and disorders. One of the most notable historical impacts of plant disease was caused by late blight of potato.
A schematic representation of the interacting components involved in plant disease. A correct diagnosis is useful diagnosing plant diseases. Plant disease management major principles of control pdf. Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, viruslike organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Guidelines for identification and management of plant. Nonuniform damage patterns may indicate insects or diseases. As plant pathologists, we dont study morphology, life cycles, and spread of pathogens because its so interesting instead, the main purpose behind understanding pathogens and the diseases they cause is so diseases can be controlled. Pd14 management practices to prevent and control plant diseases ctahr oct. Plant disease, an impairment of the normal state of a plant that interrrupts or modifies its vital functions. Further advances in plant pathology leading to development of newer methods. Several examples include botrytis on green beans, strawberries, grapes, and. Diagnosis is an art as well as a science, and experience is important. Most diseases have a fairly well established control protocol.
Compare the affected plant with other plants on the site, especially those of the same species. Following a general introduction, the theoretical principles and practical application of plant disease control including disease forecasting, chemical, cultural and biological control methods, resistance breeding and the use of pathogenfree seed and propagation material are discussed in 19 chapters. Fundamentals of plant pathology see chapter 15 of 2000 waor sustainable gardening plant pathology the study of plant diseases cause, development, control, etc. Download plant disease management major principles of control pdf 36p download free online book chm pdf. Every year, billions of dollars are spent on chemical control measures, but there is an increasing awareness that alternatives to these chemical control measures may be becoming more viable. Prevents spread of introduced diseases, reduces inoculumdensity. It outlines the major crop diseases of the uk with a particular emphasis on those features of symptomology. Click here for a chinese translation of this article pdf file, 1. Plant disease control plant pathology guidelines for. Of this amount, around 185 million usd was spent on controlling the leaf diseases, and the rest is the value of damage caused by the diseases. Once a disease is diagnosed, appropriate control practices can be selected. Sanitation cleaning of tools and clothing 10% bl hbleach soln, removal of if tdinfected pltlant dbidebris. Measures taken to prevent incidence of a disease, reduce the amount of inoculum that initiates the spreads of disease and finally minimises the loss caused by the disease have traditionally being called as control measures. Approximately 83 pathogens under current study for the control of 54 target weed species throu hout the u.
Click for a hub of extension resources related to the current covid19 situation. Powdery mildew is a sporadic fungal leaf disease of sugar beet in the red river valley and southern minnesota sugar beetproduction areas. This handbook is intended as a ready reference guide to the control and management tactics for the more important plant diseases in the pacific northwest. Signs of plant diseases this is the physical evidence of the pathogen causing disease. Management practices to prevent and control plant diseases. Leaf diseases are commonly associated with necrotic spots andor signs of the disease such as spores or fruiting bodies of the attacking fungus. Mar, 20 the major aspect of plant disease is to eliminate or eradicate the pathogen from plant crop, pre or post harvest to control the disease and loss of crop yeild by the pathogen. Most often, failure to control the disease happens because the problem was misdiagnosed in. Disease presence early in the season may result in greater yield loss than diseases that occur later in the season. Signs also can help with plant disease identification. Varieties vary in their susceptibility to diseases. Plant disease management the american phytopathological society.
A disease can be managed by eliminating interaction. Fungicides do not affect diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or. A researcher may want to rate the amount of disease that develops following the exposure of the plants to certain environmental conditions or after the application of certain control measures, or may want to compare the amount of disease that develops on two or more different cultivars of a certain type of plant to evaluate the effectiveness of. Rotation of susceptible with nonsusceptible crops to starve out the pathogen. In this section, we will concentrate on diagnosing plant diseases caused by pathogenic microor ganisms, primarily fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
This book should be used byand has been expressly written forcounty extension agents, consultants, field and nursery people, and chemical industry representatives. It first was found in minnesota and north dakota in 1975. As the number of growers using compost tea expands, so has the number of unconfirmed reports of foliar plant disease control. Plant disease a change in the normal structure, function, or development of a plant. It is very important to remember that a correct diagnosis is the most important step in the eventual control of a plant disease.
A general term applied to any of a wide range of unrelated plant diseases. Plant disease control plant pathology guidelines for master. So, to keep plants free from pathogens or diseases the word plant pathology emerged. How the disease affects a plant and what organs it causes to malfunction can aid in the diagnoses and control of plant diseases fig. Plant disease control principles of plant disease management pathogen eradication and reduction of inoculum. Removal of diseased plants or parts as in roguing to control virus diseases or cutting off a cankered tree limb. This course is recommended for plant pathology majors, but is also suitable for graduate students in other curricula e. Disease control is achieved by use of plants that have been bred for good resistance to many diseases, and by plant cultivation approaches such as crop rotation, use of pathogenfree seed, appropriate planting date and plant density, control of field moisture, and pesticide use. Various methods are being followed for controllingthe diseases in plants, though the principle andbasic theme of plant disease control is similar in.
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